Semantics

SEMANTICS: Semantics is the study of meaning expressed by elements of any language, characterizableAs a symbolic system.It is the goal of linguistic semantics to describe the meaning of linguistic elements and toStudy the principles which allow (and exclude) the assignment of meaning to combinations of these elements. A complete and an adequate semantic theory– characterizes the systematic meaning relations between words and sentences of a language, and– provides an account of the relations between linguistic expressions and the things that they can be used to talk about (De Swart 1998, p.2).

1 Semantics is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. there are a number of branches and subbranches of semantics, including formal semantics, which studies the logical aspects of meaning, such as sense, reference, implication, and logical form, lexical semantics, which study word meanings and word relations, and conceptual semantics, which studies the cognitive structure of meaning. So I think semantics is encharge about all meanigs that a word has depending on the context.(www.oxforddictionaries.com)

.MEANING: The nonlinguistic cultural correlate, reference, or denotation of a linguisti form; expression.well, if semantics is related to the meaning, I think this word is the most important here, because it is the base of what semantics is.

CONCEPT: an idea of something formed by mentally combining all its characteristics, or particulars; a contruct.I think this word is related to semantics because after you got a meaning of a word, you can create your own meaning based on your context or situation.

REFERENT: The object or event to which a term or symbol refers.as I said before, when you have a meaning, you can construct your own idea about the meaning you need, then you create a referent, I mean an image that let you think about that new word or concept or even meaning.

GRAMMATICAL MEANING: The meaning of an inflexional morpheme or of some other syntactic device, as word order.Meanig have some categories, I think this is one of them, for that reason it is very important to understand the different ways that semantics define a word.

LEXICAL MEANING: The meaning of a based morpheme.this is the category of meaning which is related to free morphemes, so other way to define a word by semantics.

DENOTATIVE: Havig the power of name or indicate something. so, you can also name or denotate  something in order to create a meaning.

CONNOTATIVE: Signifyng or suggestive of an associative or secondary meaning in addition to primary meaning.I think it is a meaning that we can use in order to complement a meaning of a word.

METAPHOR: A figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance.It is an interesting way semantics uses to give different meanings as comparisons between things.

POLYSEMY: Diversity of meanings.it is related about all the possible meanings that a word can have dependeing on the intenction and the context.

http://plaza.ufl.edu/hfilip/Lecture%201.pdf

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

1. Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language. A morpheme is the smallest indivisible unit of a language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to be relatively regular, so that if one sees thenoun morphemes for the first time, for example, one can deduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-morphology.htm

2.Morphology: 

The word morphology can be broken down (morphologically) into two meaningful parts (known as morphemes): morph- meaning shape and -ology meaning the study of. Thus, morphology, in its most generic form, is the study of shape. In language and reading,  morphology refers to the study of the structure of words, particularly the smallest units of meaning in words: morphemes. Morphemes are generally one of the two following types: 

a. Bound morphemes, which are prefixes and suffixes that cannot stand alone as words, such as geo-, re-, and -ity

b. Unbound morphemes, which are roots within more

complex words that can stand alone as words, such

as popular.

  (http://www.pebc.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Keiffer-2007-Words-to-Build-Meaning1.pdf)

3. Morphology: is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

1. some words can be divided into parts which still have meaning

2. many words have meaning by themselves. But some words have meaning

only when used with other words

3. some of the parts into which words can be divided can stand alone as

words. But others cannot

4. these word-parts that can occur only in combination must be combined in

the correct way

5. languages create new words systematically

(http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/Courses/Psy598/Ling-Morphology.pdf)

KEY WORDS:

• 
• Words and morphemes
• Compounding
• Clasify
• Structure
• Complex Words
• Inflection
• Formation
• Meaning

WORD	DEFINITION	EXAMPLE
Morpheme	A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).	Unfriendly Un Friend ly
Free Morpheme	A morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word. Contrast with bound morpheme.
Bound Morpheme	A morpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word. Contrast with free morpheme.
Prefix
Suffix
Infix
Affix	A word element--a prefix, suffix, or infix--that can be attached to  a base or root to form a new word.Affixes are bound morphemes.	affixable and affixal.
Derivational Morpheme	Derivational morphemes, are added to the beginning of free morphemes (“prefixes”) or to the end (“suffixes”) to create words that have a similar but contrasting meaning or that have a similar meaning but which belong to a different word class.
Inflectional Morpheme	Inflectional morphemes are used to create words that are grammatically correct in a particular context. For example, the rules of grammar require that an -s morpheme be added to plural nouns and that the-ing morpheme be added to a verb to give it a “continuous” sense.

3.

Word	Number of Syllables	Number of Morphemes
Unlikely	4	4
Happiness	3	3
Loves	2	3
Morphology	4	4
syntax	2	2